Introduction to Stocks

Other than your job or career, the most important thing to you is your investments. And, unless you own your own business, your investments are actually more important than your career. Job security is not guaranteed, and unless you want to work until you are 80 years old, you need to become familiar with the bare essentials of investing and financial planning. Your investments are the key to your future security. So, we will cover some basics about stocks to get you started.

Stocks are also know as equities because a share of stock is a certificate of ownership in a corporation. It is also a claim on the earnings of the corporation. Companies pay out a percentage of their earnings to shareholders in the form of a dividend.

There are two different types of stock: common stock and preferred stock. Common stock represents ownership in a corporation. Holders of this type of security exercise control by electing a board of directors and voting on company policy. Common stockholders are on the bottom of the priority ladder for ownership structure. In the event of liquidation, common shareholders have rights to a company’s assets only after bondholders, preferred shareholders and other debtholders have been paid in full. Preferred stock has a higher claim on the assets and earnings than common stock. Preferred stock has a dividend that must be paid out before dividends to common stockholders, but preferred stock often has no voting rights attached to it.

Stocks trade on an exchange. The largest exchanges where the best stocks trade are the New York Stock Exchange, American Stock Exchange, and the NASDAQ. Within an exchange, there is the primary and secondary market. The primary market is for the initial sale of shares in a company for the first time to the public, as with an IPO. The secondary market is for the trading of shares between individual investors.

Now that you understand the basics, you need to learn how to actually buy a stock. When you buy or sell a stock, you must place the order through a broker, who then transacts your business by placing the order on the market. Stockbrokers are basically salespeople. They work for brokerage houses. You’ve heard the names Merrill Lynch, Solomon Smith Barney, Goldman Sachs. Those are brokerage houses. Brokers work at those companies. Some brokers are paid a straight salary, some are paid a commission, and some receive a base salary in addition to their commission.

A full-service broker, much like a full-service gas station, advises you on which stocks to buy. Full service brokers are financial advisors, they tell you what to do. However, full-service brokers don’t always provide expert advice. Most of the advice they provide is based on research done by analysts who work for the brokerage house.

A discount broker is someone who gives you zero advice, and just executes your market orders for you, but does nothing else. Therefore, a discount broker usually doesn’t collect commissions. Instead, they usually charge a flat annual fee and are paid a salary. Internet brokers such as Etrade or Ameritrade are discount brokers that work on commission. They allow you to place your market orders online, and the website itself is the broker. Internet brokers usually charge a much smaller commission than anyone else.

A full-service broker offers a wider array of investment vehicles for you to put your money in, such as stocks, bonds, derivatives, annuities, and some also sell life insurance. A discount broker, on the other hand, doesn’t have access to all these investment vehicles. A discount broker makes money by opening up a lot of accounts and having a lot of customers, but a full-service broker makes money by placing a lot of trades within your account, because they receive a commission on each trade.

This is where you need to be careful. Full-service brokers make money every single time you place a trade. So, they have an incentive to persuade you to place a lot of trades, because that’s where they make their money. There are unscrupulous full-service brokers out there who do provide sagacious investment advice, but who are so active with your portfolio that their commissions start to eat away at your earnings. Neophyte investors have unknowingly hired these sorts of brokers, and when they get their annual statement they’re shocked to find that they made a lot less than what they thought, and in some cases actually got a negative return on their investments. So, be careful when selecting your broker.

I hope this information has helped you to get acquainted with stocks. Try to set aside some money for investing and start while you are still young. The earlier you begin, the more money you can potentially make down the road. Carefully research the companies you are going to invest in and you will do fine.

About the Author

Jim Pretin is the owner of
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Stock Market Tips & Facts : The History of Stock Brokerage Firms

Investing in Iraq could be a good idea but I would wait a few months.

The Iraqi stock exchange, the ISX, opened to foreign investors on August 2, 2007. The market is dominated by a handful of wealthy Iraqis, many of whom live outside the country and call in their orders by phone to local brokers. Foreign investors in late 2008 accounted for less than 20% of activity.

On April 19, 2009, the ISX switched to electronic trading. Market capitalization currently stands at $1.8 billion dollars, with 61 companies currently trading electronically on NASDAQ OMX trading platform, all companies are scheduled to complete the transfer into the new platform by the end of November 2009. The ISX is preparing to link its exchange with several regional exchanges, including an EFT available in all NASDAQ OMX exchanges. Iraq Treasury Bills and corporate bonds are proposed to trade in the secondary market on the ISX.

Washington is hosting an Iraqi Investment Summit on October 20-21, 2009. Investment and IPO contracts of up to $500 billion dollars are proposed for offering. Major US banks and international investment firms like JP Morgan Chase, Citi, HSBC, Lazard, and Goldman Sachs will be present to possibly announce joint ventures from negotiations that started during the London economic conference on Iraq held earlier this year.

The ISX index started the year at 50 as of June the market index stands at 284, on September 1, 2009 the index changed it’s correlation of companies weighted in the index value the new index value currently stands at 117.

Bottom line: I would wait until the October 20th conference to see what banks will be offering what. If an ETF was offered, I would go for that first. In order to trade today, you will have to have an account with one of the large brokers (like Morgan Stanley Smith Barney. You may want to try Schwab to see what they say) and do the trading by phone. Commission fees will probably be high.